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There is widespread evidence of ‘hollowing out’ or ‘job-polarisation’, a decrease in the proportion of mid-ranking jobs in the labour market. Over time, high-ranked and low-ranked jobs have expanded relative to mid-level jobs (eg in administration and production).

The change is consistent across different time periods and countries. Despite this, the report warns against interpreting these results simplistically. It finds:

• there will still be jobs available for those with intermediate-level qualifications
• education and training will play a vital role in helping individuals when their jobs are threatened by technological change